3.6) Summary

The odds ratio (OR) is used to determine whether a genetic variation is a risk factor for a particular condition, disorder, or trait. It can also be used to compare the magnitude of various risk factors for that condition, disorder, or trait. The p-value is used to determine how often researchers will be wrong if they infer there is an association while there is not.

Genome-wide association studies search for genetic variations that occur more frequently in people with a particular condition than in people without the condition. Sample size (e.g. greater than 200 individuals for an introductory study) and replication of the study are important in determining which genetic variations associate with a trait/disorder/condition.

The steps researchers take to build custom SNP panels in the areas of diet, fitness and health are: Identify metabolic areas important to diet, fitness and health; Identify key SNPs associated with these metabolic areas by performing in-depth literature searches; Once the final SNP panel is chosen, the alleles are given functional ratings, to determine genetic risk, based on the effect of the SNP on function and/or patient outcome based on the data; By understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying gene-environment interactions dietary recommendations and lifestyle interventions in the form of wellness recommendations can be offered to optimize individual health.